How to Clear Judiciary Exams in 2026: The Complete State-Agnostic Preparation System | EduLaw
EduLaw EditorialAspirants PlaybookA notification-first, state-agnostic system to clear Judiciary exams in 2026: bare-act decision cards, PYQ strategy, BNS/BNSS/BSA criminal-law transition, mains answer writing and judgment writing. Updated through 28 June 2026.
E EduLaw India's Legal Intelligence Platform Store ☰ Contents EduLaw · Judiciary Preparation 2026 How to Clear Judiciary Exams in 2026 A state-agnostic, notification-first system for prelims, mains, bare acts, PYQs, criminal-law transition and judicial answer writing. 📖 ~24 min read 🗓️ Updated through 28 June 2026 ⚖️ State-agnostic framework Build Your Judiciary Study Map → Jump to 2026 Criminal Law Transition The master rule of this guide Judicial Service recruitment is State-specific . Your target State's latest official notification, syllabus and previous-year papers are the final authority . Everything below is a structure to apply against that notification — never a replacement for it. The Foundation There Is No Single "Judiciary Exam" in India People search for "the" Judiciary syllabus and "the" Civil Judge exam pattern. Neither exists as one national document. In India, the subordinate judiciary is recruited by individual High Courts and State Public Service Commissions, each operating under its own State Judicial Service Rules. This means stages, eligibility rules, age limits, vacancies, cut-offs, local-law papers, language requirements, marking schemes and exam dates differ from State to State. A strategy that copies one State's pattern onto another is the single most common structural error in Judiciary preparation. ! Judicial Service recruitment is State-specific. The target State's latest official notification, syllabus and previous-year papers are the final authority. This sentence repeats deliberately throughout this guide. Because of this, the most valuable hour in your entire preparation is the hour you spend reading your target State's official notification line by line — not a coaching summary of it. Use the expandable checklist below as your extraction template. What must I extract from my target State notification? ▾ Read the official notification and the linked Service Rules / syllabus, and record each of the following exactly as stated for your State: Eligibility and cut-off date — degree requirement, enrolment status and the date on which eligibility is reckoned. Practice requirement and proof — whether minimum years of practice apply, how they are counted, and what documentary proof (bar enrolment, certificate of practice) is demanded. Do not assume a uniform three-year practice proof requirement across States. Age and relaxation criteria — minimum/maximum age and category-wise relaxations as notified. Prelims, mains, viva and qualifying papers — the exact stages and which papers are merely qualifying versus merit-counting. Marks and duration — paper-wise marks, negative marking (if any) and time limits. State / local laws — the specific local enactments listed for that State. Language / translation / drafting requirements — any compulsory regional-language, translation or drafting paper and its qualifying marks. Official PYQs — where the High Court / PSC publishes its own previous-year question papers. Document requirements — certificates, formats and deadlines for verification. Interactive Tool The Judiciary Exam File Builder Turn a raw notification into a usable plan. Click through the six cards below. Each shows why the item changes your preparation, the common mistake, and the exact action to take. 1 · Stage-wise papers 2 · Marks & duration 3 · Subject list 4 · State/local laws 5 · Language & drafting 6 · PYQs & papers Why it matters Some States run prelims, mains and viva; others add qualifying language, translation or drafting papers. Your whole calendar depends on the real stage map, not an assumed one. Common mistake Preparing for a three-stage pattern when the notification actually includes a qualifying language paper that can disqualify you regardless of merit marks. Exact action List every stage in order, mark each as screening , qualifying or merit-counting , and design separate prep tracks accordingly. Why it matters Marks weightage tells you where the exam is actually won. A high-weight mains paper deserves disproportionate writing practice. Common mistake Ignoring negative marking or paper duration, then mismanaging speed in the actual exam. Exact action Build a marks table: paper, marks, duration, negative marking, qualifying cut-off. Set your mock conditions to match it exactly. Why it matters The notified subject list defines scope. Studying beyond it wastes weeks; studying narrower than it risks blank answers. Common mistake Using a generic "Judiciary subject list" from the internet instead of the State's notified syllabus. Exact action Copy the official subject list verbatim, then sort each subject into the four buckets explained below. Why it matters Local laws are State-specific and frequently decisive at the margin. They cannot be substituted with central-law notes. Common mistake Postponing local laws to the last weeks, then under-preparing a high-yield, low-competition scoring area. Exact action Extract the exact local enactments named in the syllabus and source them from authoritative State legislation portals. Why it matters Where notified, language, translation, drafting and precis papers are separate skills with their own qualifying thresholds. Common mistake Treating a qualifying language paper as a formality and failing it despite strong law scores. Exact action Confirm whether the language/drafting paper is qualifying or merit-counting, and schedule weekly timed practice in the prescribed language and format. Why it matters Official previous-year papers are the most honest signal of how that examiner thinks and tests. Common mistake Solving another State's papers, or treating PYQs as a list of "important questions" that will repeat. Exact action Download official High Court / PSC papers for your State and classify them by skill (see the PYQ matrix below). Your Exam File = Stages + Marks + Subjects + Local laws + Output papers + Official PYQs Copy formula This snapshot is generated entirely in your browser as a study template. Replace each chip with your State's verified values from the official notification. Mental Model Do Not Study Judiciary as One Giant Subject List A flat list of twenty subjects creates anxiety and bad sequencing. Instead, sort everything your notification lists into four folders. Each folder is studied and tested differently. Bucket 1 Substantive law The rights, wrongs and liabilities themselves — contract, tort, property, the substantive criminal law. Bucket 2 Procedural law How a dispute moves through a court — civil procedure, criminal procedure, limitation, evidence. Bucket 3 State / local law Enactments specific to your State that no national note can replace. Bucket 4 Output-based papers Drafting, translation, judgment writing and language papers — skills, not just knowledge. Warning — folders are not interchangeable. A central-law note cannot replace a state-law note. A theory note cannot replace timed writing. If you only ever study Buckets 1–2, you can score well on recall and still fail an output paper you never practised. "What goes into this folder?" checklist Bucket 1: substantive provisions, ingredients of rights/offences, defences and exceptions. Bucket 2: jurisdiction, pleadings, procedure, limitation, evidence and proof. Bucket 3: the exact local enactments named in your State's official syllabus. Bucket 4: every output paper your notification lists — judgment, drafting, translation, precis, essay, language. Civil Law Study Civil Law the Way a Court Sees a Case Examiners write civil problems in the order a court actually encounters a dispute. If you study civil law in that same courtroom sequence, problem-solving becomes a checklist instead of a guess. Tap each stage. 1 Jurisdiction 2 Maintainability 3 Pleadings 4 Interim relief 5 Issues & evidence 6 Final relief 7 Execution The Civil Revision Formula Forum → Maintainability → Ingredients → Evidence → Relief → Execution Copy formula Statutory anchors are drawn from the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for example, suit institution and pleadings under Orders IV–VIII, and execution under Section 36 and Order XXI). Always confirm the current text on India Code and read State amendments to the CPC where applicable. 2026 Criminal Law In a Criminal Problem, the First Fact Is the Date India's criminal-law framework changed. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 , the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 came into force on 1 July 2024 , replacing the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 respectively for matters falling under the new regime. Why the date of offence matters. The substantive law that defines and punishes an offence is generally the law in force when the offence was allegedly committed. So before you cite any section, fix the date: an offence allegedly committed before 1 July 2024 is ordinarily examined under the IPC, while one on or after that date falls under the BNS. Why pending proceedings need transition analysis. Procedure is governed by savings clauses. Section 531 of the BNSS repeals the CrPC but provides that any appeal, application, trial, inquiry or investigation pending immediately before 1 July 2024 "shall be disposed of, continued, held or made … in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 … as if this Sanhita had not come into force." A mechanical "everything is BNSS now" answer is therefore wrong for pending matters. Old IPC / CrPC / Evidence Act PYQs are not irrelevant. They remain valuable for ingredients, principles and fact patterns, and pending-proceeding scenarios still turn on the older law. The error is not reading them — it is reproducing an old answer without a statutory transition check. Equally, memorising new section numbers without analysing applicability is dangerous: a correct section under the wrong applicable law is still a wrong answer. Criminal-law decision tree 1 Date of offence Fix when the act allegedly occurred — this selects the framework. ↓ 2 Applicable framework BNS/BNSS/BSA for post-1 July 2024 matters; IPC/CrPC/Evidence Act for earlier matters and pending proceedings under savings clauses. ↓ 3 Ingredients of offence Break the offence into its essential ingredients under the applicable statute. ↓ 4 Cognizability / arrest / bail Classify the offence and identify arrest and bail consequences under the applicable procedural code. ↓ 5 Jurisdiction & court competence Which court can try it, and is it competent to pass the order sought? ↓ 6 Cognizance How and when the court takes cognizance under the applicable code. ↓ 7 Charge Framing of charge consistent with the ingredients established. ↓ 8 Evidence Relevance, admissibility and proof under the applicable evidence law (BSA or the Indian Evidence Act). ↓ 9 Finding Whether ingredients are proved beyond reasonable doubt. ↓ 10 Sentence / order The operative result the court records. Old-law PYQ → updated 2026 approach Old-law PYQ habit "State the offence and quote the IPC / CrPC section." Answer reproduced from memory regardless of facts. 2026 approach Begin with the date of offence and stage of proceeding, name the applicable statute (with the savings position for pending matters), then map ingredients and procedure to that statute — citing both the historical and current provision where the question spans the transition. Hypothetical illustration: A theft alleged in March 2024 is examined under the IPC; an identical theft alleged in August 2024 is examined under the BNS; a CrPC trial already pending on 30 June 2024 continues under the CrPC by virtue of BNSS Section 531. These are illustrations of method, not statements about any real case. Verify every provision on India Code. Bare Act Method Bare Act Is Not for Highlighting. It Is for Decision-Making. Highlighting feels productive and teaches nothing durable. A bare act is a decision instrument: each provision answers "when does this apply, and with what consequence?" Convert provisions into six-part decision cards. Build a Decision Card — example: Order VII Rule 11, CPC (rejection of plaint) A technically careful worked example. Tap each part. 1 Trigger — when does the provision come into play? ▾ Order VII Rule 11 lets a court reject a plaint at the threshold on the specific grounds it lists — for example, where the plaint discloses no cause of action, or where the suit appears from the plaint statement to be barred by law. Prelims Recognise that the grounds in Rule 11 are specific and limited, not open-ended. Mains Open by identifying which sub-clause is actually triggered on the facts. 2 Ingredients — what must be satisfied? ▾ The test is generally confined to the averments in the plaint (and documents the rule directs the court to consider), read as a whole. The defence's case is ordinarily not weighed at this stage. Prelims Know the ground-specific ingredients. Mains Apply only the plaint's averments to each ingredient. 3 Exception / distinction ▾ Rejection of a plaint and dismissal on merits are different concepts. Rejection under Rule 11 is a threshold order on the plaint's defects; it is not an adjudication of the dispute on evidence after trial. Conflating the two is a frequent and costly error. 4 Procedure ▾ A Rule 11 question can be considered on the court's own assessment of the plaint or on the defendant's application. The court examines the plaint against the specific statutory ground rather than conducting a trial. 5 Proof ▾ Because the inquiry is confined to the plaint, "proof" here means whether the plaint's own statements bring the case within a listed ground — not weighing rival evidence. 6 Result ▾ Order VII Rule 13 provides that the rejection of a plaint does not, by itself, preclude the presentation of a fresh plaint on the same cause of action. But this is not unqualified: whether a fresh plaint can effectively be filed depends on the ground of rejection, whether the defect is curable, the law of limitation and the applicable rules. Do not state a flat rule that a fresh plaint can always be filed. Verify the current text of Order VII Rules 11 and 13 of the CPC, 1908 on India Code, and check any State amendments to the Code. Treat the above as a method demonstration, not a substitute for the bare provision. Problem-Solving The Difference Between Knowing a Section and Solving a Problem Recall gets you partial marks; application gets you cleared. The fact-law matrix turns a scenario into a defensible conclusion in five disciplined moves. The five moves Identify the material facts (strip the noise). Match the facts to the legal provision. Test each ingredient against the facts. Identify any exception, defence or procedural bar. Reach the legal consequence — a clear result. Why it scores An examiner can see your reasoning move from facts to law to result. Even where the final view is debatable, structured application earns far more than a recalled paragraph that never touches the facts. Scenario selector Civil maintainability Criminal applicability Evidence / relevance All three scenarios are hypothetical illustrations created for teaching method. They do not reproduce or invent any judgment. Always test your reasoning against the verified bare provisions. PYQ Strategy Use PYQs Like an Examiner's Database Previous-year papers are not a list of "important questions likely to repeat." They are examiner-pattern data. Read correctly, they reveal repeated provisions, repeated fact patterns, common exception traps, prelims-to-mains conversion areas, State-law emphasis and output-paper expectations. PYQ classification matrix All Rule recall Application Exception/proviso Procedure Judgment/drafting Language/local law Illustrative entry Skill tested What it signals Your action Rows above are an illustrative study-tracker format , not actual official questions. Populate the tracker only with official High Court / PSC papers for your State. Five-year PYQ review method Collect roughly five years of official papers for your State. Tag each question by subject, provision and skill. Count frequencies to find genuinely high-yield provisions. Convert recall questions into mains application prompts. Error-log structure Question / provision · the mistake · the correct principle. Mistake type: recall, application, exception or procedure. Revisit date — the log is for revising, not collecting. Updating old PYQs after BNS / BNSS / BSA. When an old criminal-law question pre-dates 1 July 2024, re-solve it twice: once under the historical statute (as the proceeding may have been pending) and once under the new framework, and note which provision now governs. A repeated topic is not a repeated question — the same topic recurs with new facts, so revise the topic's reasoning rather than memorising a past answer. Integration One Topic. Three Outputs. Because Judicial Service exams test both legal recall and legal writing, every topic should be prepared for three outputs at once — not studied for prelims now and "converted" for mains later. Output What it demands Example for one provision Prelims Fast, precise recognition under time pressure. An MCQ on which ground/ingredient applies. Mains An issue → rule → application answer ending in a clear view. A short problem requiring you to apply the provision to facts. Judicial output (where notified) An order, finding, charge, issue framing, draft or judgment component. Framing the point for determination and recording an operative order. A weekly system you can adapt Daily Bare-act revision of one block of provisions. A set of MCQs from your subject of the day. One short mains answer (timed). Error-log update before you sleep. Weekly One mixed prelims test under exam conditions. One mains paper or answer-writing set. PYQ classification for the week's subjects. A revision pass over logged errors. Actual weekly workload varies with your exam calendar and preparation stage. Treat this as a rhythm to scale up or down, not a fixed quota. Mains Writing Mains Is Won on the Page Mains rewards structure and a decision, not the volume of remembered text. Use a five-step spine for every answer. Issue — the precise legal question the facts raise. ↓ Rule — the governing provision/principle, with only the necessary statutory wording. ↓ Application — facts tested against each ingredient, both ways where genuinely arguable. ↓ Finding — your reasoned conclusion on the issue. ↓ Operative order / relief — what the court would actually do. How to write each part Issue: phrase it as a legal question, not a topic heading. Rule: quote the operative phrase only; paraphrase the rest. Application: apply facts to ingredients — never dump theory. Conclusion: commit to a clear result; a judicial answer ends in an order. Weak answer Long recall of the section, no facts engaged, ends with "thus it depends on the facts." Judicial answer Names the issue, applies each ingredient to the facts, records a finding and an operative order. Answer-writing timer 07:00 5 min 7 min 10 min 15 min Start Pause Reset Printable answer checklist I stated the issue as a legal question. I cited only the necessary statutory wording. I applied facts to every ingredient. I addressed the obvious exception/defence/bar. I recorded a clear finding and an operative order. For criminal answers, I fixed the date and the applicable statute first. Output Papers Treat Output Papers as Separate Skills This section applies only where your State notifies these papers . Where it does, judgment writing, drafting, translation, precis, essay and language papers are distinct skills that need their own practice — they are not by-products of reading law. Judgment skeleton Points for determination → Findings → Reasons → Final order Copy skeleton Frame crisp points for determination, record a finding on each, give the reasons that justify each finding, and close with an operative order that is internally consistent with those findings. Drafting checklist Correct cause-title, forum and parties. Material facts pleaded in logical sequence. Cause of action and the precise relief claimed. Verification/format as the prescribed rules require. Language-paper warning. Where a regional-language, translation or precis paper is notified, under-preparing it is a classic way to lose despite strong law marks — especially if it carries qualifying marks. Practise weekly in the prescribed language and format. Exact requirements differ by State, so follow the official notification. Avoid These Mistakes That Cost Aspirants Months Studying a generic syllabus Preparing from an internet "common syllabus" instead of mapping the official State notification. Ignoring local laws until the end Treating State enactments as an afterthought, then under-scoring a high-yield area. Reading bare acts without solving facts Highlighting provisions instead of converting them into decision cards and applying them. Treating PYQs as guess papers Hunting for "questions that repeat" instead of reading PYQs as examiner-pattern data. Starting mains after prelims Delaying answer writing, when it is a slow-built skill that must run alongside prelims. Using BNS/BNSS/BSA mechanically Applying new section numbers without a date-and-transition check for the offence and proceeding. Skipping output papers where notified Neglecting language, drafting or translation papers that can carry qualifying marks. Collecting resources instead of revising Accumulating material while never maintaining or revising a working error log. Memorising section numbers only Knowing numbers but not the legal ingredients that decide application. Answers without a legal result Writing analysis that never commits to a finding or an operative order. Blueprint 180-Day State-Agnostic Preparation Blueprint An adaptable scaffold across four phases. Choose a profile to see how the emphasis shifts. Beginner Repeat aspirant Working professional Awaiting notification Days 1–45 Foundation Notification mapping and exam-file building. Core bare acts (substantive + procedural). Baseline PYQ reading to learn the pattern. Days 46–90 Build Subject completion across the four buckets. Section-wise tests with an error log. Daily short answer writing begins. Days 91–135 Integrate Integrated revision across subjects. Local laws prepared from State sources. Full-length prelims practice under timing. Days 136–180 Sharpen Mock analysis driving targeted correction. Mains writing and output papers (where notified). Focused error-cycle revision. This is an adaptable framework, not a substitute for a State-specific notification calendar. Align every phase to your State's actual exam dates once notified. Map your State's notification into a working plan EduLaw builds notification-first, state-specific Judiciary preparation around verified statutes, official papers and disciplined answer writing. Explore EduLaw Judiciary Resources Visit EduLaw Screenshot This Judiciary Exams 2026: The Clearing System ✓ Notification first — always. ✓ A State-specific paper map (stages, marks, output papers). ✓ Four subject buckets, studied differently. ✓ Civil law in courtroom sequence. ✓ Criminal law with a date-and-transition check. ✓ Bare-act decision cards, not highlights. ✓ Fact-law application, not bare recall. ✓ A PYQ matrix read as examiner data. ✓ Prelims plus mains, together from day one. ✓ Writing that ends in an order. "Judiciary is not cleared by memorising sections. It is cleared by learning how a court moves from facts to an order." FAQ Frequently Asked Questions Is there one common Judiciary syllabus for India? ▾ No. Judicial Service recruitment is State-specific. Each High Court and State Public Service Commission notifies its own stages, eligibility, syllabus, local laws, language requirements and marking. Your target State's latest official notification, syllabus and previous-year papers are the final authority. Should I start Judiciary preparation before the notification? ▾ Yes. Core bare acts and answer-writing skills are common to most States, so foundation work can begin early. But re-map your plan against the official notification when it is released, because stages, papers and local laws differ by State. Are BNS, BNSS and BSA compulsory for Judiciary exams in 2026? ▾ The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 came into force on 1 July 2024 and are the current criminal-law framework. Whether and how a particular paper tests them depends on the State's official syllabus and notification, which you must verify. Can I rely only on old IPC / CrPC / Indian Evidence Act notes? ▾ No — but do not discard them either. Offences and proceedings are governed by the law applicable on the relevant date, and savings clauses such as BNSS Section 531 keep older provisions relevant for pending matters. Read older notes and older PYQs with statutory transition clarity. How should I prepare local laws? ▾ State and local laws cannot be replaced by national Judiciary notes. Identify the exact local enactments listed in your State's official syllabus, prepare them from authoritative State sources, and practise them in the State's question format. Should I prepare mains before prelims results? ▾ Yes. Judicial Service exams test both legal recall and legal writing. Mains answer writing is a slow-built skill, so it should run alongside prelims preparation rather than starting only after prelims results. How many years of previous-year papers should I solve? ▾ A common approach is roughly five years of official previous-year papers, used as examiner-pattern data rather than as guess papers. Always use the official High Court or PSC papers for your target State, and update older criminal-law questions for the current statutory framework. Is judgment writing compulsory in every State? ▾ No. Judgment writing, drafting, translation, precis, essay and language papers appear only where the State notifies them. Check your State's official syllabus to confirm which output papers apply to you. How do I prepare for local-language papers? ▾ Where notified, language and translation papers are separate skills that need separate, regular practice in the prescribed language and format. Exact requirements differ by State, so follow the official notification and any qualifying-marks rules. Is legal practice required before applying for Civil Judge exams in 2026? ▾ In All India Judges Association v. Union of India (judgment of May 2025), the Supreme Court restored a minimum of three years of practice as an advocate as a condition of eligibility for the Civil Judge (Junior Division) examination. As widely reported and reflected in the judgment's approach, the change was applied prospectively , so as not to disturb ongoing or already-notified recruitment processes, and certain experience (such as eligible law-clerk experience) was treated as counting. Because implementation flows through each State's Service Rules and notifications, you must check your target State's applicable recruitment notification and any transition directions — do not assume an identical, uniform three-year practice-proof requirement across every State or every ongoing recruitment. Transparency Sources & Verification Every legal proposition above is anchored to official sources. Recruitment specifics are deliberately left to your State's notification, because they are not uniform. A. Statutes (India Code) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act 45 of 2023) indiacode.nic.in — official statute page Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (incl. Section 531, repeal & savings) indiacode.nic.in — official statute page Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Act 47 of 2023) indiacode.nic.in — official statute page Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (incl. Order VII Rules 11 & 13; execution provisions) indiacode.nic.in — official statute page Limitation Act, 1963 indiacode.nic.in — official statute page B. Judicial / Official Sources Supreme Court of India — official portal (judgments & orders) sci.gov.in — for the All India Judges Association proceedings and 2025 development on the three-year practice requirement Press Information Bureau — new criminal laws in force from 1 July 2024 pib.gov.in — official Government of India release Ministry of Home Affairs — new criminal laws mha.gov.in — commencement and official texts Department of Justice — judicial appointments & reform information doj.gov.in — official Government of India portal C. Preparation Sources (use your State's own) Directory of High Courts of India ecourts.gov.in — reach your target High Court's recruitment page for official notifications, syllabi and previous-year papers National Portal of India — government jobs & PSCs india.gov.in — gateway to State Public Service Commissions for official notifications India Code — Bare Acts (central & State) indiacode.nic.in — verify current statutory text and State amendments Note: This article is study guidance, not legal advice. Legal and procedural details are stated as accurate to the best available official information up to 28 June 2026; statutes, rules and notifications can change, so always confirm against the current official source for your State before relying on any point. E EduLaw India's Legal Intelligence Platform Judicial Service recruitment is State-specific. The target State's latest official notification, syllabus and previous-year papers are the final authority. © 2026 EduLaw. Educational content, updated through 28 June 2026. theedulaw.in · store.theedulaw.in On this page No single Judiciary exam Notification → plan tool Four-bucket syllabus Civil law in court sequence 2026 criminal-law transition Bare-act decision cards Fact-law application PYQ strategy Prelims + mains together Mains answer framework Judgment, drafting, language Costly mistakes 180-day blueprint The clearing system FAQ Sources & verification (function(){ "use strict"; /* progress bar */ var pb=document.getElementById('progress'); function prog(){var h=document.documentElement;var s=h.scrollTop||document.body.scrollTop;var max=(h.scrollHeight-h.clientHeight)||1;pb.style.width=(s/max*100)+'%';} window.addEventListener('scroll',prog,{passive:true});prog(); /* TOC mobile toggle + active highlight */ var toc=document.getElementById('toc'),tt=document.getElementById('tocToggle'); tt.addEventListener('click',function(){var o=toc.classList.toggle('open');tt.setAttribute('aria-expanded',o);}); toc.addEventListener('click',function(e){if(e.target.tagName==='A'&&window.innerWidth '+quadData[i].t+' '+quadData[i].d+' ';qbtns.forEach(function(b,j){b.classList.toggle('active',i===j);});} qbtns.forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(){showQuad(+b.getAttribute('data-quad'));});}); showQuad(0); /* civil timeline */ var civ=[ {ask:'Is this the right court at all?',concept:'Pecuniary, territorial and subject-matter jurisdiction; bar of jurisdiction by special statutes.',angle:'Whether a given court can entertain the suit on stated facts.',mistake:'Jumping to merits before testing whether the forum is competent.',ex:'A suit valued beyond a court\'s pecuniary limit is filed there — the first question is competence of the forum, not the merits.'}, {ask:'Is the suit legally sustainable as framed?',concept:'Cause of action; bars to suit; preliminary objections (e.g. rejection of plaint under Order VII Rule 11, CPC).',angle:'Whether the plaint survives a threshold challenge.',mistake:'Confusing rejection of plaint with dismissal on merits after trial.',ex:'A plaint that, on its own averments, appears barred by law may be tested at the threshold under Order VII Rule 11.'}, {ask:'What exactly is pleaded by each side?',concept:'Plaint, written statement, set-off and counter-claim; the rule that parties are bound by their pleadings (Orders VI–VIII, CPC).',angle:'Identifying what is admitted and what is in dispute.',mistake:'Treating arguments as if they were pleadings.',ex:'A defence not pleaded in the written statement is generally not available at trial — pleadings define the contest.'}, {ask:'Does the status quo need protecting now?',concept:'Temporary injunctions and interlocutory orders (Order XXXIX, CPC); the balance of considerations courts apply.',angle:'Whether interim relief should be granted pending trial.',mistake:'Granting or refusing interim relief without separating it from final relief.',ex:'A party seeks to restrain a sale pending suit — the court weighs interim protection distinctly from the final question of title.'}, {ask:'What must be decided, and what proves it?',concept:'Framing of issues (Order XIV, CPC); burden and standard of proof; relevance and admissibility (BSA / Indian Evidence Act).',angle:'Mapping each issue to the evidence that decides it.',mistake:'Leading evidence without first identifying the precise issue it addresses.',ex:'An issue on execution of a document directs attention to the evidence of execution, not to unrelated grievances.'}, {ask:'What relief does the law actually permit?',concept:'Reliefs claimed and grantable; consistency of the decree with the issues and findings.',angle:'Whether the relief sought follows from the findings.',mistake:'Awarding relief not supported by the issues or the pleadings.',ex:'A finding on only part of the claim cannot support a decree for the whole — relief must track the findings.'}, {ask:'How is the decree enforced?',concept:'Execution of decrees (Section 36 and Order XXI, CPC); modes and limits of execution.',angle:'How a successful decree-holder realises the fruits of the decree.',mistake:'Treating the case as over at judgment and ignoring execution as a tested area.',ex:'A money decree remains only paper until executed through the modes the Code permits.'} ]; var cd=document.getElementById('civDetail'),cbtns=[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.tl-step')); function showCiv(i){ var c=civ[i]; cd.innerHTML=' What the court asks '+c.ask+' '+ ' Key concepts '+c.concept+' '+ ' Exam question angle '+c.angle+' '+ ' Common student mistake '+c.mistake+' '+ ' Hypothetical example: '+c.ex+' '; cbtns.forEach(function(b,j){b.classList.toggle('active',i===j);b.setAttribute('aria-selected',i===j);}); } cbtns.forEach(function(b){b.addEventListener('click',function(){showCiv(+b.getAttribute('data-civ'));});}); showCiv(0); /* bare-act decision steps toggle */ document.querySelectorAll('.dstep-btn').forEach(function(btn){ btn.addEventListener('click',function(){ var step=btn.parentElement;var open=step.classList.toggle('open');btn.setAttribute('aria-expanded',open); }); }); /* fact-law scenario */ var scen=[ {issue:'Whether a civil suit is maintainable as framed, or is barred / defective at the threshold.',rule:'A suit must disclose a cause of action and not be barred by law; threshold objections (e.g. Order VII Rule 11, CPC) test the plaint on its own averments. Rejection of a plaint differs from dismissal on merits.',app:'Read only the plaint\'s averments against the specific ground urged. If the plaint, taken as true, discloses a cause of action and is not barred, a threshold rejection should not follow; if it is barred on its own showing, the threshold objection may succeed.',concl:'State whether the suit survives the threshold and why — referencing the precise sub-clause engaged, not a general assertion.'}, {issue:'Which criminal-law framework applies to an alleged offence, and what follows from it.',rule:'Substantive liability is generally governed by the law in force at the date of the offence (BNS on/after 1 July 2024; IPC before). Procedure follows the applicable code, subject to savings clauses such as BNSS Section 531 for pending matters.',app:'Fix the date of the alleged act and the stage of any proceeding. Select the applicable statute, then test the ingredients of the offence and the procedural consequences (cognizability, arrest, bail, cognizance) under that statute.',concl:'Name the applicable framework first, then reach a reasoned conclusion on the offence and procedure consistent with it.'}, {issue:'Whether a particular piece of evidence is relevant and admissible.',rule:'Evidence law (BSA for matters under the new regime; the Indian Evidence Act otherwise) admits only relevant evidence, subject to rules on admissibility and proof.',app:'Identify the fact-in-issue the evidence is offered to prove, test relevance to that fact, then test admissibility and the mode of proof required.',concl:'Conclude on relevance and admissibility with reasons tied to the specific fact-in-issue.'} ]; var scBody=document.getElementById('scBody'),scTabs=[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.scenario .tab')); function showSc(i){ var s=scen[i]; scBody.innerHTML=' '+ ' Issue ▾ '+s.issue+' '+ ' Rule ▾ '+s.rule+' '+ ' Application ▾ '+s.app+' '+ ' Conclusion ▾ '+s.concl+' '+ ' '; scTabs.forEach(function(t,j){t.setAttribute('aria-selected',i===j);}); } scTabs.forEach(function(t,i){t.addEventListener('click',function(){showSc(i);});}); showSc(0); /* PYQ matrix */ var pyq=[ {q:'Define the ingredients of a specified offence under the applicable statute.',skill:'recall',label:'Rule recall',sig:'A recurring provision the examiner expects you to state precisely.',act:'Lock the ingredients; then convert into an application prompt.'}, {q:'Apply a provision to a short fact pattern and state the result.',skill:'app',label:'Application',sig:'Prelims-to-mains conversion zone.',act:'Practise the same provision as both an MCQ and a written answer.'}, {q:'Identify whether a stated exception or proviso defeats the claim.',skill:'exc',label:'Exception/proviso',sig:'A classic trap area.',act:'Maintain an exceptions list per subject.'}, {q:'Describe the procedure / sequence of steps for a process.',skill:'proc',label:'Procedure',sig:'Tests sequence and consequences.',act:'Draw the step-flow and the order each step produces.'}, {q:'Write a judgment component / draft on given facts (where notified).',skill:'draft',label:'Judgment/drafting',sig:'Output-paper expectation for that State.',act:'Practise the skeleton: points → findings → reasons → order.'}, {q:'Translate / answer in the prescribed regional language (where notified).',skill:'lang',label:'Language/local law',sig:'State-specific, often qualifying.',act:'Schedule weekly timed practice in the prescribed language.'} ]; var pr=document.getElementById('pyqRows'); function renderPyq(f){ pr.innerHTML=''; pyq.filter(function(r){return f==='all'||r.skill===f;}).forEach(function(r){ var tr=document.createElement('tr'); tr.innerHTML=' '+r.q+' '+r.label+' '+r.sig+' '+r.act+' '; pr.appendChild(tr); }); } document.querySelectorAll('.filters button').forEach(function(b){ b.addEventListener('click',function(){ document.querySelectorAll('.filters button').forEach(function(x){x.classList.remove('active');}); b.classList.add('active');renderPyq(b.getAttribute('data-f')); }); }); renderPyq('all'); /* roadmap personas */ var persona=[ 'Beginner — spend Phase 1 mostly on notification mapping and bare-act fundamentals; start short answer writing by Phase 2 even if imperfect.', 'Repeat aspirant — compress Phase 1, lead with your error log from last attempt, and weight Phases 3–4 toward mocks and correction cycles.', 'Working professional — protect daily bare-act + MCQ + one short answer; shift heavy full-length papers to weekends and stretch the timeline if needed.', 'Candidate awaiting notification — build the common foundation now (bare acts, writing), and keep a flexible block ready to insert State-specific local laws and output papers the moment the notification drops.' ]; var pl=document.getElementById('personaLine'),rpTabs=[].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.road .tab')); function showPersona(i){pl.textContent=persona[i];rpTabs.forEach(function(t,j){t.setAttribute('aria-selected',i===j);});} rpTabs.forEach(function(t,i){t.addEventListener('click',function(){showPersona(i);});}); show