BNS vs IPC: Complete Section-by-Section Comparison for CLAT & Judiciary 2026
EduLaw EditorialCareer AdviceCompare BNS and IPC section by section for CLAT and Judiciary 2026. Get IPC to BNS conversion tables, major changes, exam traps, memory tricks, FAQs and revision strategy.
E Edu Law Blog New Criminal Laws · India 2024 BNS vs IPC: Complete Section-by-Section Comparison for CLAT & Judiciary 2026 A complete student-friendly comparison of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and the Indian Penal Code, 1860 — with conversion tables, exam traps, memory tricks and revision strategy. By Aditya Kuwad & Siddhant Kuwad · Updated 27 May 2026 · 22 min read IPC 1860 → BNS 2023 Effective 1 July 2024 511 → 358 sections Start Comparing Top 100 Table Take Quiz 358 BNS Sections 511 IPC Sections 20 Chapters 2024 In Force BNS is the new principal penal law that replaced IPC from 1 July 2024. Many offences continue in substance, but section numbers, arrangement, language and some offences have changed. For CLAT and Judiciary 2026, students must learn both old IPC references and new BNS mappings. Disclaimer: This guide is for educational and exam preparation purposes only. Always verify section numbers, amendments and interpretations with the latest official bare act, Gazette notification and exam notification. BNS — Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023. The new substantive criminal law of India, in force from 1 July 2024, with 358 sections. IPC — Indian Penal Code, 1860. The earlier substantive criminal law that had 511 sections; now replaced as the principal penal law by BNS. This blog is built like a study dashboard, not a passive read. You can search any IPC section, see its BNS mapping, attempt a 20-question quiz, revise major changes, and pick up exam-friendly memory tricks — all from one page. The three new criminal laws effective on 1 July 2024 are the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (replacing IPC), the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (replacing CrPC) and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (replacing the Evidence Act). This article focuses on the first — the substantive penal law. 📘 Studying for CLAT or Judiciary 2026? Get the complete BNS, IPC mapping, case law and revision tools in our All-in-One Criminal Law Notes Pack — built by the authors of this guide. 1. Snapshot Comparison: BNS vs IPC Before diving into individual sections, look at this quick comparison to anchor the big picture in your memory. ← Swipe to view full table → Feature IPC BNS Exam Year 1860 2023 (in force 1 Jul 2024) Direct MCQ Sections 511 358 Very High Status Replaced as principal penal law Principal substantive criminal law High Structure 23 chapters 20 chapters, reorganised Conceptual New offences — Organised crime, terrorism, mob lynching, snatching Very High Community service Not recognised Recognised for specified offences Very High Sedition IPC 124A Reframed under BNS 152 Very High Organised crime Not centrally codified Codified within BNS High Terrorism Mainly via UAPA Also within BNS High TL;DR IPC had 511 sections. BNS has 358 sections. The principal penal law of India shifted from IPC to BNS on 1 July 2024. The substance survives in most offences but section numbers, structure and a few definitions have changed. 2. Interactive IPC → BNS Converter Type an IPC section (e.g. 302 , 420 ) or an offence name (e.g. murder, cheating ) to instantly see its BNS counterpart, what changed and a memory trick. 302 420 376 498A 124A theft cheating stalking Exam tip: Don't just memorise pairs. For each, ask: What is the offence? What stayed the same? What is new? Best Seller 📘 All-in-One Criminal Law Notes Pack By Aditya Kuwad & Siddhant Kuwad — the most exam-focused criminal law bundle for CLAT, Judiciary & LLB. Complete BNS section-wise notes IPC to BNS conversion charts Landmark case law summaries Exam traps & memory hooks Judiciary-style answer formats CLAT legal reasoning practice Get the Complete Bundle → 3. Top 100 IPC → BNS Comparison Table Use the search box to filter by IPC number, BNS number, offence or change level. Tap column headers to sort. All Priorities Very High High Medium Low All Changes Same Renumbered Modified New/Reframed Verify ← Swipe to view full table → IPC ▼ BNS Offence Change Priority Notes Where the table notes "verify with official table", cross-check with the official BNS, 2023 bare act and MHA/BPR&D correspondence table. 4. Major Changes Explained Beyond renumbering, several substantive changes are critical for CLAT current affairs and Judiciary mains answers. Sedition Sedition Removed / Reframed What changed: Classic sedition under IPC 124A does not survive in the same form. BNS 152 introduces a reframed offence on acts endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. Why it matters: Terminology, threshold and ingredients differ from old sedition. CLAT angle: Passages on free speech vs national integrity. Judiciary angle: Compare with Kedar Nath Singh principles. Terrorism Terrorism Introduced in BNS What changed: BNS now recognises terrorism within general penal law, in addition to UAPA. Why it matters: Earlier IPC had no express terrorism provision; it lived in special statutes. Judiciary angle: Overlap and choice of forum between BNS and UAPA. Organised Crime Organised Crime Codified What changed: Organised crime and petty organised crime codified within BNS, where earlier reliance was on state laws like MCOCA. Why it matters: Uniform pan-India treatment is now possible. Judiciary angle: Ingredients, syndicate, continuing unlawful activity. Mob Lynching Group Murder Recognition What changed: BNS explicitly addresses murder by a group of five or more persons on certain identity grounds. Why it matters: Tehseen Poonawalla guidelines now have a clearer statutory backbone. CLAT angle: Constitutional values + criminal law overlap. Community Service Community Service as Punishment What changed: Community service introduced as a recognised punishment for specified petty offences. IPC did not contain this. Why it matters: Reformative justice given statutory shape. CLAT angle: Direct factual MCQ — high probability. Women & Children Gender & Child Provisions What changed: Consolidated chapter on offences against women and children; restructured sexual offences; clearer treatment of harassment, voyeurism and stalking. Judiciary angle: Comparative answer writing across pre-2013, post-2013 IPC and now BNS. Digital Electronic / Digital Context What changed: Recognition of electronic and digital records in offences like forgery; definitional updates for tech. Why it matters: Aligns penal law with cyber and digital evidence. Judiciary angle: Cross-read with the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. Reorganisation Renumbering & Restructure What changed: Chapter order, definitions and offence sequencing reorganised. Section count reduced from 511 to 358 by merger and reframing. Why it matters: Old IPC numbers cannot be quoted as-is in new BNS answers. Negligence Hit-and-Run / Negligence Debate What changed: Provision on causing death by rash or negligent act has been the subject of public debate, especially on hit-and-run. Always read the latest official text. Note: Verify operative status with latest bare act and Gazette notification. 5. Old Habit vs New Exam Reality Most students grew up hearing "302 lag gaya" or "420 hai woh banda". That muscle memory still has value, but it is no longer enough. Old Habit "Memorising IPC 302, 420, 376" Section numbers only. No understanding of ingredients. No idea of the new statute. → New Exam Reality "Knowing BNS 103, 318, 64 and their IPC roots" Section pair + offence + ingredients + idea of what changed. That is the new minimum. 6. CLAT 2026 Strategy CLAT does not require encyclopaedic memorisation of bare act sections, but the legal reasoning section will draw passages from current legal developments — and the BNS is the single biggest legal development in years. How criminal law may appear in CLAT Passages on murder vs culpable homicide. Passages on cheating, criminal breach of trust and dishonest intention. Passages testing stalking, voyeurism, sexual harassment. Passages on common intention vs common object. Passages on free speech vs offences against the state. 7-Day Revision Plan for CLAT Day 1: Snapshot table, definitions chapter and general exceptions. Day 2: Abetment, criminal conspiracy and offences against the state. Day 3: Offences affecting the human body — homicide, hurt, kidnapping. Day 4: Offences against women and children. Day 5: Property offences — theft, extortion, robbery, cheating, CBT. Day 6: Defamation, intimidation, forgery, trespass. Day 7: Quiz on this page + major changes + one mock passage. 30-Day Plan for Deep Coverage Spread the same content across 30 days with one offence cluster per day, three legal reasoning passages weekly, and two full-length mocks at the end. Section Conversion Drills Every night, pick five random IPC numbers and write the BNS counterpart, offence name and one line on ingredients. Within two weeks, the top 50 pairs will feel natural. 7. Judiciary 2026 Strategy Prelims Mains Bare Act Answers Traps Prelims Approach Prelims will increasingly test BNS directly. Focus on definitions, general exceptions, punishments (including community service), section number recall for high-frequency offences, and differences from IPC. Old IPC questions from previous years can still be solved — answer them in BNS terms by mapping the corresponding section. Mains Approach For descriptive papers, cite BNS as the primary statute. Where you rely on settled IPC case law, expressly note that the principle continues under the corresponding BNS provision. Bare Act Reading Read BNS like a code, not a textbook. Always read the section along with the explanation, exceptions and illustrations. Make margin notes linking each BNS section to its old IPC counterpart. Answer Writing Template Use this structure: (a) issue, (b) BNS provision quoted, (c) ingredients, (d) old IPC counterpart with case law principle, (e) application to facts, (f) conclusion. Common Traps Quoting IPC sections without mapping to BNS. Assuming sedition continues unchanged — wrong. Assuming all IPC precedent is dead — also wrong. Confusing common intention with common object. Forgetting community service applies only to specified offences. 8. Case Law Transition Lab Old IPC case law does not automatically become irrelevant. Where the BNS provision carries the same substance, the principles of earlier decisions continue to guide interpretation. Template to memorise: "Earlier under IPC Section ___, now broadly traceable to BNS Section ___, subject to textual differences." Worked Examples Murder IPC 302 → BNS 103 Principles on intention, knowledge and the four clauses distinguishing murder from culpable homicide not amounting to murder continue to inform BNS 103 read with 101. Cheating IPC 415/420 → BNS 318 The twin requirement of deception and dishonest inducement carries forward. Earlier rulings remain useful illustrative authority. Defamation IPC 499/500 → BNS 356 Definition, explanations and exceptions are largely retained. Old precedents on truth as defence and good faith continue to apply. Cruelty IPC 498A → BNS 85/86 Definition of cruelty under the Explanation and established jurisprudence on misuse and dowry-related conduct continue to be relevant. Rape IPC 375/376 → BNS 63/64 Structural definition and graded punishments are retained with reorganisation. Developments since the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 continue to inform interpretation. Common Intention IPC 34 → BNS 3(5) The doctrine of common intention — including the requirement of prior meeting of minds — continues. Quote BNS 3(5) with the principle of Mahbub Shah. 9. Most Asked Exam Questions The exact pattern of questions that have appeared (or are likely to appear) across CLAT-style passages, Judiciary prelims and mains. Prelims MCQ "BNS came into force on?" 1 July 2024. Prelims MCQ "How many sections does BNS contain?" 358 sections (down from 511 in IPC). CLAT Trap "Is BNS 152 the same as sedition under IPC 124A?" No — BNS 152 is reframed with different threshold; do not equate the two. Mains Q "Discuss community service as a punishment under BNS." Reformative justice; specified offences; new category beyond IPC's traditional five punishments. Mains Q "Differentiate common intention (BNS 3(5)) from common object (BNS 190)." Prior meeting of minds vs membership of unlawful assembly with shared object. Practical "For an offence committed on 30 June 2024, which law applies?" IPC — the act predates BNS commencement (1 July 2024). 10. Interactive Quiz (20 MCQs) Test your understanding. Score is calculated automatically and explanations appear after every answer. Loading... Q 1 /20 · Score: 0 Next → Your final score 0/20 Restart Get Notes Pack 11. Memory Tricks (Tap to Flip) Tap each card to reveal the memory hook. Use them as flashcards. 302 → 103 Murder "302 became 103" 420 → 318 Cheating "420 cheated to 318" 376 → 64 Rape "63 defines, 64 punishes" 498A → 85/86 Cruelty "85 says it, 86 defines" 34 → 3(5) Common Intent. "34 shrank into 3(5)" 120B → 61 Conspiracy "Conspiracy at 61" 307 → 109 Attempt Murder "One chapter after murder" 379 → 303 Theft "Theft at 303" 392 → 309 Robbery "Robbery at 309" 406 → 316 CBT "Trust broken at 316" 500 → 356 Defamation "Defamation at 356" 124A → 152 State Security "Not same — verify" 12. Downloads & Study Tools Strengthen your preparation with these handpicked resources. 📕 All-in-One Criminal Law Notes The complete BNS + IPC + case law + revision system. Built by the authors of this guide. Buy the Bundle 📄 IPC → BNS Cheat Sheet Printable conversion sheet with top 100 pairs and priority tags. Download PDF ⚖️ Judiciary Referencer BNS bare act tracker with explanations and answer templates. Get Referencer 🧠 CLAT Legal Reasoning 20 passages built around the new criminal laws. Practise Now Share: WhatsApp Twitter LinkedIn Copy Link 13. Frequently Asked Questions The 15 most asked questions on BNS vs IPC, answered concisely. 14. Conclusion The exam is no longer about remembering old section numbers alone. The real advantage is knowing the offence, the old IPC identity, the new BNS location and the legal principle behind both. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 is the law you will live with as a lawyer, judge or scholar — start treating it as your default. Use this page as a living revision sheet. Search the converter weekly, attempt the quiz monthly, and keep updating your margin notes from official sources. AK Aditya Kuwad Legal educator and content head. Writes on criminal law, constitutional law and judicial services preparation. SK Siddhant Kuwad Curriculum designer for CLAT and Judiciary. Specialises in exam-friendly distillation of bare acts and case law. Ready to master Criminal Law? Get the complete BNS + IPC notes bundle built by Aditya & Siddhant Kuwad. Get the Bundle → Final Disclaimer: This guide is for educational and exam preparation purposes only. Always verify section numbers, amendments and interpretations with the latest official bare act, Gazette notification and exam notification. Sources: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023; Indian Penal Code, 1860; Ministry of Home Affairs; BPR&D comparison material; official Gazette of India. 📘 Get Notes E Edu Law Premium legal study resources for CLAT, Judiciary and law students. Authored by Aditya Kuwad & Siddhant Kuwad · © 2026 EduLaw Sources: BNS 2023 · IPC 1860 · MHA · BPR&D · Official Gazette Criminal Law Bundle · Blog /* Reading progress */ window.addEventListener('scroll',()=>{ const h=document.documentElement; const pct=(h.scrollTop/(h.scrollHeight-h.clientHeight))*100; document.getElementById('readProgress').style.width=pct+'%'; }); /* CONVERTER DATA */ const converterData=[ {ipc:"302",bns:"103",topic:"Murder",changed:"Renumbered; substance retained. Group murder by 5+ persons on identity grounds expressly addressed.",trap:"Don't confuse with culpable homicide not amounting to murder.",trick:"302 became 103.",verify:""}, {ipc:"304",bns:"105/106",topic:"Culpable homicide not amounting to murder / death by negligence",changed:"Structural split. 105 for culpable homicide not amounting to murder; 106 for death by negligence.",trap:"Don't merge 304 and 304A blindly.",trick:"105 for clause-based, 106 for negligence.",verify:"Verify with latest bare act."}, {ipc:"307",bns:"109",topic:"Attempt to murder",changed:"Renumbered; ingredients carried forward.",trap:"Attempt needs act+intention sufficient to cause death.",trick:"Attempt sits one chapter after murder.",verify:""}, {ipc:"323",bns:"115",topic:"Voluntarily causing hurt",changed:"Renumbered; community service may apply in specified scenarios.",trap:"Hurt vs grievous hurt.",trick:"Hurt at 115.",verify:""}, {ipc:"325",bns:"117",topic:"Voluntarily causing grievous hurt",changed:"Renumbered; substance retained.",trap:"Know the 8 kinds of grievous hurt.",trick:"Grievous hurt at 117.",verify:""}, {ipc:"354",bns:"74",topic:"Assault on woman with intent to outrage modesty",changed:"Renumbered; substance retained.",trap:"Don't confuse with 354A or 509.",trick:"Modesty assault — 74.",verify:""}, {ipc:"354A",bns:"75",topic:"Sexual harassment",changed:"Renumbered; ingredients carried forward.",trap:"Different from outrage of modesty under 74.",trick:"Harassment — 75.",verify:""}, {ipc:"354B",bns:"76",topic:"Assault with intent to disrobe",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"Intent to disrobe is the key.",trick:"Disrobe at 76.",verify:""}, {ipc:"354C",bns:"77",topic:"Voyeurism",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"Watching/capturing private act of woman.",trick:"Voyeurism at 77.",verify:""}, {ipc:"354D",bns:"78",topic:"Stalking",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"Includes online stalking.",trick:"Stalking at 78.",verify:""}, {ipc:"375",bns:"63",topic:"Rape — definition",changed:"Renumbered; framework retained.",trap:"63 defines; 64 punishes.",trick:"63 defines, 64 punishes.",verify:""}, {ipc:"376",bns:"64",topic:"Rape — punishment",changed:"Renumbered; graded punishments retained.",trap:"Aggravated forms appear in 65, 66 etc.",trick:"Punishment — 64.",verify:"Verify aggravated sub-provisions."}, {ipc:"498A",bns:"85/86",topic:"Cruelty by husband or relatives",changed:"Split into 85 (offence/punishment) and 86 (definition).",trap:"Don't quote 498A in BNS-era answers.",trick:"85 + 86 as a pair.",verify:""}, {ipc:"509",bns:"79",topic:"Insult to modesty by word/gesture/act",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"74 is force; 79 is word/gesture.",trick:"Insult modesty at 79.",verify:""}, {ipc:"378/379",bns:"303",topic:"Theft",changed:"Renumbered; snatching separately recognised.",trap:"Snatching is a distinct offence now.",trick:"Theft at 303.",verify:""}, {ipc:"383/384",bns:"308",topic:"Extortion",changed:"Renumbered; substance retained.",trap:"Needs putting in fear of injury.",trick:"Extortion at 308.",verify:""}, {ipc:"390/392",bns:"309",topic:"Robbery",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"Robbery = theft/extortion + force.",trick:"Robbery at 309.",verify:""}, {ipc:"405/406",bns:"316",topic:"Criminal breach of trust",changed:"Renumbered; aggravated forms retained.",trap:"Entrustment is the soul of CBT.",trick:"Trust broken at 316.",verify:""}, {ipc:"415/420",bns:"318",topic:"Cheating",changed:"Renumbered; substance retained.",trap:"Cheating + dishonest inducement = aggravated form.",trick:"420 became 318.",verify:""}, {ipc:"441/447",bns:"329",topic:"Criminal trespass",changed:"Renumbered; substance retained.",trap:"Distinguish house-trespass and house-breaking.",trick:"Trespass at 329.",verify:""}, {ipc:"463/465",bns:"336",topic:"Forgery",changed:"Renumbered; electronic record context retained.",trap:"Includes electronic records.",trick:"Forgery at 336.",verify:""}, {ipc:"499/500",bns:"356",topic:"Defamation",changed:"Renumbered; exceptions retained.",trap:"10 exceptions to defamation continue.",trick:"Defamation at 356.",verify:""}, {ipc:"34",bns:"3(5)",topic:"Common intention",changed:"Moved into general clauses; substance retained.",trap:"Don't confuse with common object under 190.",trick:"34 shrank into 3(5).",verify:""}, {ipc:"120B",bns:"61",topic:"Criminal conspiracy",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"Agreement is the gist.",trick:"Conspiracy at 61.",verify:""}, {ipc:"149",bns:"190",topic:"Unlawful assembly / common object",changed:"Renumbered.",trap:"Common object ≠ common intention.",trick:"Object at 190.",verify:""}, {ipc:"124A",bns:"152",topic:"Sedition reframed — acts endangering sovereignty",changed:"Sedition label removed; reframed under BNS 152.",trap:"Do NOT call BNS 152 'sedition'.",trick:"Not same — verify ingredients.",verify:"Verify ingredients with bare act."} ]; function renderConverter(list){ const box=document.getElementById('converter-results'); if(!list.length){box.innerHTML=' No matches. Try "302", "rape", "theft"… ';return;} box.innerHTML=list.map(r=>` IPC ${r.ipc} → BNS ${r.bns} ${r.topic} Changed: ${r.changed} Trap: ${r.trap} Trick: ${r.trick} ${r.verify?` Note: ${r.verify} `:""} `).join(''); } function filterConverter(){ const q=(document.getElementById('converter-input').value||"").toLowerCase().trim(); if(!q){renderConverter(converterData);return;} const filtered=converterData.filter(r=>r.ipc.toLowerCase().includes(q)||r.bns.toLowerCase().includes(q)||r.topic.toLowerCase().includes(q)); renderConverter(filtered); } document.getElementById('converter-input').addEventListener('input',filterConverter); document.querySelectorAll('.chip').forEach(c=>{ c.addEventListener('click',()=>{ document.getElementById('converter-input').value=c.dataset.q; filterConverter(); }); }); renderConverter(converterData); /* TOP 100 */ const top100=[ ["1","1","Short title, extent and commencement","Same","Low","Routine"], ["2","2","Definitions","Modified","High","Read clauses fully"], ["34","3(5)","Common intention","Renumbered","Very High","Doctrine continues"], ["39","2","'Voluntarily'","Renumbered","Medium","Definition"], ["40","2","'Offence'","Renumbered","Medium","Definition"], ["52","2","'Good faith'","Renumbered","Medium","Definition"], ["53","4","Punishments","Modified","Very High","Community service added"], ["54","5","Commutation (death)","Renumbered","Medium","Routine"], ["55","6","Commutation (life)","Renumbered","Medium","Routine"], ["76-106","Ch. general exceptions","General exceptions","Renumbered","Very High","Whole chapter"], ["96-106","Private defence ch.","Right of private defence","Renumbered","Very High","Body + property"], ["107","Abetment ch.","Abetment of a thing","Renumbered","High","Mens rea key"], ["108","Abetment ch.","Abettor","Renumbered","High","Definition"], ["120A","61(1)","Criminal conspiracy — defn","Renumbered","High","Agreement is gist"], ["120B","61(2)","Criminal conspiracy — pun.","Renumbered","Very High","Frequent MCQ"], ["121","147","Waging war against Govt","Renumbered","High","State offences"], ["121A","148","Conspiracy to wage war","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["122","149","Collecting arms with intent","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["124A","152","Acts endangering sovereignty","New","Very High","Not sedition"], ["141","189","Unlawful assembly","Renumbered","High","Concept"], ["143","189","Punishment for unlawful assembly","Renumbered","Medium","Concept"], ["146","191","Rioting","Renumbered","High","Force/violence"], ["147","191","Punishment for rioting","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["149","190","Common object","Renumbered","Very High","Common object"], ["153A","196","Promoting enmity","Renumbered","High","Public order"], ["228A","72","Disclosure of victim identity","Renumbered","High","Victim privacy"], ["268","270","Public nuisance","Renumbered","Low","Concept"], ["272","274","Adulteration of food","Renumbered","Medium","Public health"], ["292","294","Obscenity","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["294","296","Obscene acts in public","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["299","100","Culpable homicide — defn","Renumbered","Very High","Foundation"], ["300","101","Murder — definition","Renumbered","Very High","Four clauses"], ["302","103","Punishment for murder","Modified","Very High","Mob lynching"], ["303","104","Murder by life convict","Modified","High","Verify"], ["304","105","Culpable homicide not amt to murder","Renumbered","Very High","Pair with 100/101"], ["304A","106","Death by negligence","Modified","Very High","Verify status"], ["304B","80","Dowry death","Renumbered","Very High","Within 7 years"], ["305","107","Abetment of suicide of child","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["306","108","Abetment of suicide","Renumbered","Very High","Mens rea"], ["307","109","Attempt to murder","Renumbered","Very High","Frequent MCQ"], ["308","110","Attempt to commit culp. homicide","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["309","226","Attempt to commit suicide","Modified","Medium","MHA overlap"], ["319","114","Hurt — definition","Renumbered","High","Foundation"], ["320","116","Grievous hurt — 8 kinds","Renumbered","Very High","Eight kinds"], ["323","115","Voluntarily causing hurt","Renumbered","Very High","Common offence"], ["325","117","Voluntarily causing grievous hurt","Renumbered","Very High","Frequent"], ["326","118","Grievous hurt by dang. weapons","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["326A","124","Acid attack","Renumbered","Very High","Acid attack"], ["326B","124","Acid throwing attempt","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["339","126","Wrongful restraint","Renumbered","Medium","Cluster"], ["340","126","Wrongful confinement","Renumbered","Medium","Cluster"], ["341","127","Pun. for wrongful restraint","Renumbered","Medium","Cluster"], ["349","128","Force","Renumbered","Medium","Definition"], ["350","129","Criminal force","Renumbered","Medium","Definition"], ["351","130","Assault","Renumbered","Medium","Definition"], ["354","74","Outrage of modesty","Renumbered","Very High","Don't mix with 79"], ["354A","75","Sexual harassment","Renumbered","Very High","Cyber/physical"], ["354B","76","Disrobing","Renumbered","High","Distinct"], ["354C","77","Voyeurism","Renumbered","High","Privacy"], ["354D","78","Stalking","Renumbered","Very High","Online included"], ["359","Body offences ch.","Kidnapping","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["363","Body offences ch.","Punishment kidnapping","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["366","Body offences ch.","Kidnapping woman to compel marriage","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["370","143","Trafficking of persons","Renumbered","Very High","Vulnerable groups"], ["370A","144","Exploitation of trafficked person","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["375","63","Rape — definition","Renumbered","Very High","Read with 64"], ["376","64","Rape — punishment","Renumbered","Very High","Aggravated 65, 66"], ["376A","66","Death/PVS by rape","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["376AB","65","Rape of woman under 12","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["376B","67","Sex by husband during separation","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["376C","68","Sex by person in authority","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["376D","70","Gang rape","Renumbered","Very High","Common intention"], ["376DA","70","Gang rape of woman under 16","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["376DB","70","Gang rape of woman under 12","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["376E","71","Repeat offender","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["377","Not retained","Carnal intercourse","Verify","High","Post Navtej Singh Johar"], ["378","303(1)","Theft — definition","Renumbered","Very High","Foundation"], ["379","303(2)","Theft — punishment","Renumbered","Very High","Common"], ["380","305","Theft in dwelling house","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["383","308(1)","Extortion — definition","Renumbered","High","Fear of injury"], ["384","308(2)","Extortion — punishment","Renumbered","High","Pair"], ["390","309(1)","Robbery — definition","Renumbered","Very High","Theft + force"], ["392","309(2)","Robbery — punishment","Renumbered","Very High","Common"], ["395","310","Dacoity","Renumbered","High","Five or more"], ["397","311","Robbery with deadly weapon","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["403","314","Dishonest misappropriation","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["405","316(1)","CBT — definition","Renumbered","High","Entrustment"], ["406","316(2)","CBT — punishment","Renumbered","Very High","Common"], ["409","316(5)","CBT by public servant","Renumbered","High","Aggravated"], ["411","317","Receiving stolen property","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["415","318(1)","Cheating — definition","Renumbered","High","Deception"], ["416","319","Cheating by personation","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["417","318(2)","Cheating — basic pun.","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["420","318(4)","Cheating + delivery of property","Renumbered","Very High","Most popular"], ["441","329(1)","Criminal trespass — defn","Renumbered","Medium","Concept"], ["447","329(3)","Criminal trespass — pun.","Renumbered","Medium","Concept"], ["448","329(4)","House-trespass","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["453","331","House-breaking — pun.","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["463","336(1)","Forgery — definition","Renumbered","High","Electronic records"], ["465","336(2)","Forgery — punishment","Renumbered","High","Verify"], ["468","336(3)","Forgery for cheating","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["471","340","Using forged document as genuine","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["493","82","Cohabitation by deceit","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["494","82(1)","Bigamy","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["495","82(2)","Bigamy with concealment","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["496","83","Fraudulent marriage ceremony","Renumbered","Medium","Verify"], ["497","Not retained","Adultery","Verify","Medium","Joseph Shine"], ["498A","85/86","Cruelty by husband/relatives","Renumbered","Very High","Pair"], ["499","356(1)","Defamation — definition","Renumbered","High","Exceptions retained"], ["500","356(2)","Defamation — punishment","Renumbered","Very High","2 yrs/fine"], ["503","351(1)","Criminal intimidation — defn","Renumbered","High","Threat of injury"], ["506","351(2)","Criminal intimidation — pun.","Renumbered","High","Common"], ["509","79","Insult modesty by word/gesture","Renumbered","High","Distinct from 74"], ["511","62","Attempt to commit offences","Renumbered","High","General attempt"] ]; function priorityClass(p){return p==="Very High"?"p-vhigh":p==="High"?"p-high":p==="Medium"?"p-med":"p-low"} function changeClass(c){ if(c==="Same") return "b-same"; if(c==="Renumbered") return "b-renum"; if(c==="Modified") return "b-mod"; if(c==="New") return "b-new"; return "b-verify"; } let top100Sorted=[...top100]; let sortDir=1; function renderTop100(rows){ const body=document.getElementById('top100-body'); body.innerHTML=rows.map(r=>` ${r[0]} ${r[1]} ${r[2]} ${r[3]} ${r[4]} ${r[5]} `).join(''); } function filterTop100(){ const q=document.getElementById('top100-search').value.toLowerCase().trim(); const pri=document.getElementById('top100-priority').value; const chg=document.getElementById('top100-change').value; const filtered=top100Sorted.filter(r=>{ const mQ=!q||r[0].toLowerCase().includes(q)||r[1].toLowerCase().includes(q)||r[2].toLowerCase().includes(q); const mP=!pri||r[4]===pri; const mC=!chg||r[3].toLowerCase().includes(chg.toLowerCase()); return mQ&&mP&&mC; }); renderTop100(filtered); } document.getElementById('top100-search').addEventListener('input',filterTop100); document.getElementById('top100-priority').addEventListener('change',filterTop100); document.getElementById('top100-change').addEventListener('change',filterTop100); document.querySelectorAll('#top100-table th[data-sort]').forEach(th=>{ th.addEventListener('click',()=>{ const key=th.dataset.sort==="ipc"?0:1; sortDir=-sortDir; top100Sorted.sort((a,b)=>(parseInt(a[key])||0)-(parseInt(b[key])||0)); if(sortDir { b.addEventListener('click',()=>{ document.querySelectorAll('.tab-btn').forEach(x=>x.classList.remove('active')); document.querySelectorAll('.tab-content').forEach(x=>x.classList.remove('active')); b.classList.add('active'); document.getElementById(b.dataset.tab).classList.add('active'); }); }); /* MEMORY FLIP */ document.querySelectorAll('.mem-card').forEach(c=>{ c.addEventListener('click',()=>c.classList.toggle('flipped')); }); /* QUIZ */ const questions=[ {q:"IPC 302 broadly corresponds to which BNS section?",o:["BNS 100","BNS 101","BNS 103","BNS 105"],a:2,e:"Murder under IPC 302 is now broadly punishable under BNS 103."}, {q:"BNS came into force on:",o:["1 January 2024","1 April 2024","1 July 2024","1 October 2024"],a:2,e:"BNS, BNSS and BSA all came into force on 1 July 2024."}, {q:"How many sections does BNS contain?",o:["358","388","420","511"],a:0,e:"BNS has 358 sections, down from 511 in IPC."}, {q:"How many sections did IPC originally contain?",o:["358","424","484","511"],a:3,e:"IPC, 1860 had 511 sections."}, {q:"Cheating (IPC 420) is now under:",o:["BNS 316","BNS 318","BNS 320","BNS 322"],a:1,e:"Cheating-related offences are now under BNS 318."}, {q:"Punishment for rape (IPC 376) is now under:",o:["BNS 63","BNS 64","BNS 65","BNS 66"],a:1,e:"BNS 63 defines rape; BNS 64 prescribes punishment."}, {q:"Cruelty by husband (IPC 498A) is now broadly under:",o:["BNS 75","BNS 80","BNS 85/86","BNS 90"],a:2,e:"BNS splits cruelty into 85 (offence) and 86 (definition)."}, {q:"Common intention under IPC 34 finds its place in:",o:["BNS 3(5)","BNS 4(2)","BNS 5(1)","BNS 6"],a:0,e:"Common intention is housed in BNS 3(5)."}, {q:"Criminal conspiracy (IPC 120B) is now under:",o:["BNS 50","BNS 55","BNS 61","BNS 70"],a:2,e:"Criminal conspiracy is under BNS 61."}, {q:"Sedition under IPC 124A in BNS is:",o:["Continued unchanged","Removed entirely","Reframed under BNS 152","Moved to special law"],a:2,e:"BNS 152 introduces a reframed offence; not identical to old sedition."}, {q:"Stalking under IPC 354D corresponds to BNS:",o:["74","76","77","78"],a:3,e:"Stalking is under BNS 78."}, {q:"Voyeurism under IPC 354C corresponds to:",o:["BNS 75","BNS 76","BNS 77","BNS 78"],a:2,e:"Voyeurism is under BNS 77."}, {q:"Theft (IPC 378/379) is now under:",o:["BNS 301","BNS 302","BNS 303","BNS 304"],a:2,e:"Theft is under BNS 303."}, {q:"Robbery (IPC 390/392) is now under:",o:["BNS 308","BNS 309","BNS 310","BNS 311"],a:1,e:"Robbery is under BNS 309."}, {q:"Criminal breach of trust (IPC 405/406) is now under:",o:["BNS 314","BNS 316","BNS 318","BNS 320"],a:1,e:"CBT is under BNS 316."}, {q:"Which is a new punishment under BNS?",o:["Banishment","Whipping","Community service","Forfeiture"],a:2,e:"Community service is a new punishment under BNS."}, {q:"Defamation (IPC 499/500) is now under:",o:["BNS 350","BNS 354","BNS 356","BNS 360"],a:2,e:"Defamation is under BNS 356."}, {q:"Attempt to murder (IPC 307) corresponds to:",o:["BNS 107","BNS 109","BNS 111","BNS 113"],a:1,e:"Attempt to murder is under BNS 109."}, {q:"Acid attack (IPC 326A) is now under:",o:["BNS 120","BNS 122","BNS 124","BNS 126"],a:2,e:"Acid attack is addressed under BNS 124."}, {q:"Best answer-writing style in BNS-era?",o:["Cite only IPC 302","Cite only BNS 103","Cite BNS 103 with IPC 302 principle","Cite only Constitution"],a:2,e:"Quote BNS and link the IPC root for completeness."} ]; let qIndex=0,qScore=0,qAnswered=false; function loadQ(){ qAnswered=false; const q=questions[qIndex]; document.getElementById('qText').innerHTML=` Q${qIndex+1}. ${q.q}`; document.getElementById('qNum').textContent=qIndex+1; document.getElementById('qScore').textContent=qScore; document.getElementById('qProg').style.width=((qIndex+1)/questions.length*100)+'%'; const opts=document.getElementById('qOpts'); opts.innerHTML=''; q.o.forEach((opt,i)=>{ const b=document.createElement('button'); b.className='quiz-opt'; b.textContent=String.fromCharCode(65+i)+'. '+opt; b.onclick=()=>answerQ(i,b); opts.appendChild(b); }); document.getElementById('qExp').classList.remove('show'); document.getElementById('qExp').innerHTML=''; document.getElementById('qNext').textContent=qIndex===questions.length-1?'Finish':'Next →'; } function answerQ(i,btn){ if(qAnswered)return; qAnswered=true; const q=questions[qIndex]; const opts=document.querySelectorAll('.quiz-opt'); opts.forEach(o=>o.disabled=true); if(i===q.a){btn.classList.add('correct');qScore++} else{btn.classList.add('wrong');opts[q.a].classList.add('correct')} const exp=document.getElementById('qExp'); exp.innerHTML=' Explanation: '+q.e; exp.classList.add('show'); document.getElementById('qScore').textContent=qScore; } function nextQ(){ if(!qAnswered){return} if(qIndex =80)msg='Excellent! You\'re exam-ready on BNS basics.'; else if(pct>=60)msg='Good. Revise missed pairs and try again.'; else msg='Keep going — revise the top 50 pairs and retake.'; document.getElementById('finalMsg').textContent=msg; } function restartQuiz(){ qIndex=0;qScore=0;qAnswered=false; document.getElementById('quizArea').style.display='block'; document.getElementById('quizResult').style.display='none'; loadQ(); } loadQ(); /* FAQS */ const faqs=[ ["What replaced IPC?","The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) as the principal substantive criminal law in India."], ["From when is BNS applicable?","BNS came into force on 1 July 2024 along with the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam."], ["Is IPC completely removed?","IPC is no longer the principal penal law for new offences from 1 July 2024, but it continues to govern offences committed before that date and remains relevant for pending cases, precedents and exam history."], ["Is IPC 302 now BNS 103?","Yes. Murder, earlier punishable under IPC Section 302, is now broadly punishable under BNS Section 103."], ["What is IPC 420 in BNS?","Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property, earlier under IPC 420, is now broadly covered under BNS Section 318."], ["What is IPC 376 in BNS?","Punishment for rape, earlier under IPC 376, is now broadly under BNS Section 64. Rape is defined under BNS Section 63."], ["Is sedition removed in BNS?","The classic sedition offence under IPC Section 124A does not appear with the same label. BNS Section 152 introduces a reframed offence concerning acts endangering the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. Ingredients and threshold differ; verify with the bare act."], ["Is BNS important for CLAT 2026?","Yes. CLAT legal reasoning passages may reflect the new criminal law framework, so candidates should understand BNS concepts."], ["Is BNS important for Judiciary 2026?","Yes. Judiciary 2026 prelims and mains will increasingly be based on BNS, BNSS and BSA. Bare act reading of BNS is essential."], ["Should I study IPC or BNS?","Study BNS as the primary law and use IPC for understanding precedents and conversion logic. For Judiciary mains, citing both is safest."], ["Are old IPC cases still relevant?","Yes, where the BNS provision carries the same substance, old IPC precedents continue to guide interpretation."], ["How many sections are there in BNS?","BNS has 358 sections."], ["How many sections were there in IPC?","IPC had 511 sections."], ["What is the best way to remember BNS sections?","Use memory pairs like 302→103, 420→318, 376→64, attach each to the offence name, drill flashcards daily, and revise through quizzes."], ["Where can I verify official BNS mappings?","Verify through the official Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 bare act, Ministry of Home Affairs publications, BPR&D comparison material and Gazette notifications."] ]; document.getElementById('faqList').innerHTML=faqs.map(([q,a])=>` ${q} + ${a} `).join(''); document.querySelectorAll('.faq-q').forEach(b=>{ b.addEventListener('click',()=>{ const item=b.parentElement; const open=item.classList.toggle('open'); b.setAttribute('aria-expanded',open?'true':'false'); }); }); /* SHARE */ function shareNow(net){ const url=encodeURIComponent(window.location.href); const text=encodeURIComponent('BNS vs IPC: Section-by-Section Comparison for CLAT & Judiciary 2026'); const urls={ whatsapp:`https://wa.me/?text=${text}%20${url}`, twitter:`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=${text}&url=${url}`, linkedin:`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${url}` }; window.open(urls[net],'_blank','noopener'); } function copyLink(btn){ navigator.clipboard.writeText(window.location.href).then(()=>{ const o=btn.t